WORLD WAR II

The slaughter of English in the liberation of Manila

In 1945, the Allied victory over the Japanese in the Philippines killed 100,000 people, 70,000 of which were carried out deliberately by Nipponese soldiers, which also killed 300 English and ended up with its historic influence in the archipelago

Image of the City of Manila in ruins after the Allied victory , 1945

"In Spain there are hundreds of families who know, or do not know, as his relatives were killed in the capital of the Philippines during those weeks indescribable," explained ABC correspondent London, November 1948, and since l Tokyo International Tribunal had just released a 135-page report "about Japanese atrocities" committed during the occupation of the Philippines, between 1941 and 1945, thousands of English suffered in their own flesh .

"Of those years remember the comment of a good English father, who thought that "the Japanese have brought us the shin of 98." He was beheaded by them in the courtyard of the church "in 1964 told the journalist José María Massip , about your stay in the Philippines in 1945.

However, episodes like this, who died almost forgotten in the history of Spain, were repeated until the last second of Japan's presence in the archipelago. A presence that culminated "one of the darkest chapters of the military history of the world, from which age 65.

more were counted 100,000 deaths, of which over 70,000 were deliberately executed by Japanese soldiers

During the retreat, the Japanese troops, fleeing the U.S. military - 'back', promised four years ago, General MacArthur, "preferred burning the defenseless city and end the lives of all citizens and military more they could, in a cruel and desperate attempt to prevent the survivors tell their defeat. There were over 100,000 deaths, of which over 70,000 were deliberately executed by Japanese soldiers.

"When I lost everything was complicated and treatment of the population turned violent. His victims were both Filipinos and Chinese German, Swiss or English. They could not tolerate the rest of the world to know of his humiliation, so he refused to leave the country for good and there was an indiscriminate slaughter, "he told the writer Carmen Güell, author of" The Last of the Philippines' , the book that tells, in first person, the testimony of Elena Lizarraga , one of the survivors of English origin who suffered the consequences of Japan's brutality.

Within days, all of Manila's English colonial past, present, in its historic buildings, was razed and about 300 of the 3,000 English census were brutally murdered.

"Piety, diplomacy, anticipation, Asian brotherhood did not exist. There was only the horror of war and fire, "had Massip in 64 of the bloody, devastating and absurd Japan's withdrawal of the archipelago, which killed more people than the atomic bombs fall, five months later, on Hiroshima and Nagasaki .

The Allied victory over the Japanese had, therefore, a terrible human and material cost in Manila, which became, since then, the second most devastated city by bombing during World War II after Warsaw. And in Manila, the southern part of Malate and Intramuros, inhabited by many English families, the hardest hit of all.

The end of the English influence

That traumatic end of the Pacific War also meant the end of the English imprint in the Philippines, which had remained strong despite the more than forty years of American colonization. The very presence of English citizens declined sharply because, besides the three hundred who died from among the 3,000 residents, another 500 returned to the Peninsula , unable to start a new life.

ABC.ES.

ISRAEL VIANA The gathering

Pombo coffee, oil on canvas painted by José Gutiérrez Solana in 1920. The author appears in the background at right. Standing, the writer Ramón Gómez de la Serna.

After the restoration of

The coffee gathering

Pombo, José Gutiérrez Solana, has found another box in this case an image of religious. - NATIONAL MUSEUM REINA SOFIA ART CENTER / PEPE LOREN

Perhaps it was a joke internal, or perhaps not portrayed them knowing. What is certain is that restaurateurs has brought a surprise. When in mid-2009 technicians Reina Sofia Museum Madrid

began to restore and fully investigate the box

The coffee gathering Pombo, painted in 1920 by Jose Gutierrez Solana, they found that under those nine gentlemen so serious sitting around a table with their coffees, their cups and sugar cubes, X-rays discovered another box, which clearly shows an altar with a religious figure, several candles and a crouching figure.

As explained Jorge Rodriguez responsible for restoration of the museum, the first reason for the withdrawal of the work of the museum was the appearance of some cracks in the paint, they call cracked: "We wanted to work on it, because new technologies allow new approaches show ". And it was. Two years of complex restoration with a team of seven people have given a fruit that is already in the museum.
The canvas has gone through four phases have been discovered, little by little, what was underneath. The first was the application of the so-called visible light, which broadened the picture up to four times its size to see the details. Thus, the team called attention to the way in which the cracks were located and also a thicker line than the others on the left of the canvas. The second phase was the analysis with ultraviolet light, fluorescent, which was that the paint was applied unevenly. then passed through infrared image, but layers of paint from the work of Solana are very thick, and the rays were little fruit. The finding came in the fourth phase, the X-ray, which found "abundantly clear", according to restaurateurs, which was another box below the table: a work of religious and lines marked with a figure that has not painted the head and who loves a virgin located in a niche above the altar.

's insistence Ramón Gómez de la Serna

"It is curious that the emphasis placed by Gómez de la Serna in this work was painted," says John Smith, head of restoration of this work. Although Gutiérrez Solana used to paint religious scenes,
The gathering

Pombo coffee meetings reflects the author's colleagues, including the operator of the greguerías, writer Ramón Gómez de la Serna, who is standing in the middle of Table of journalists, poets, essayists and artists. Even the author appears in the work in the upper right.

The Museum has recovered work and you can see in their rooms, with a twinkle perhaps more intense than usual so as not to lose its transparency. Beside him, a screen that can be found

phases restoration, and that allows for some answers. Why the author used a canvas that was dismissed? Is it normal, well into the twentieth century? "No, not commonplace," says Rodriguez, "although it occurs with some authors who have a certain poverty of materials. But it is the case of Gutierrez Solana."
So why would a canvas using Solana quite finished, which drew a religious scene vertically, to paint then a group of commentators horizontally? Experts believe it could be to take advantage of a work rejected, but do not rule out a joke of the group, although there is nothing documented. What is known is that intellectuals, who gathered at the Pombo-coffee Madrid little more than a tavern located on the central calle de Carretas, gave their name to the room in which they appear in the painting:

The Crypt Pombo. A crypt immortalized among cafes, books, soda and a bottle of rum under the half-smile of Ramón Gómez de la Serna. Maybe she was thinking about your next set of words, the crypt and crypt.

ELPAIS.ES, MARY

PORCEL STEPPE - Madrid - 24/03/2011 TO LEARN MORE:

English Museum of Contemporary Art. Madrid 1926 - 40 years

The coffee gathering Pombo Material: Oil on canvas . Dimensions: 162 x 214 cm . 1920 - 34 years Museum:

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The bishop's visit Still life with dead turkey Senen Ruiz Valentin polyhedral Pablo Serrano In the middle of the rooms, Sinaga explains that everything is exposed following the artist's instructions that accompany each piece. "Serrano considered the theoretical part of his work as important as the piece itself. Each of his works is rational for him. It was so picky that left a lot of photographs in which the sculpture was placed on a pedestal looked determined" . A portion of the sample is occupied by collages in which the artist photographs with reflections hit about his creative process. In one of them is a series of photographs of Frank O 'Hara, curator of MoMA in 1960, during a visit to the study of Serrano in which he is seen helping the artist to burn his sculptures. Juan José Vázquez, Deputy Minister of Culture, Government of Aragon, adding that the permanent exhibition will represent the final study and a real catalog of the artist's work, the only condition that the artist set for legacy made in 1984. The head of the Government of Aragon, sole owner of the facility and its contents minimizes the grievances of the daughter and granddaughter of the artist (Susana y Valeria Serrano), that would be lost two works from the legacy and have not been consulted about the exposure. Paul, only son of an artist, lives in Uruguay and does not support the complaints of his wife and daughter. "This is not ever complained, and especially not the daughter or granddaughter have nothing to do with a legacy that was assumed by the Government of Aragon since September 1984 and ratified by all the heirs. Adds that the artist wanted the museum was also a place where they were accommodating the new artistic expressions. Therefore, two floors of the building will be dedicated to temporary exhibitions of young artists or structured. It starts with a group show of ten artists Aragon and in September will come to a Frank Retrospective Stella. The artist's initial donation consisted of 147 sculptures, 200 drawings and extensive documentation. The rest, to complete 1,200 pieces arrived with the donation of the artist's wife, painter Joan French, and several contributions from individuals.

Material: Oil on canvas . Dimensions: 161 x 211 cm . Museum: English Museum of Contemporary Art. Madrid 1926 - 40 years	The ragpickers Material: Carbon and color pencil on paper. Dimensions: 36 x 30 cm . Museum: Collection Manuel Arce. Santander 1929 - 43 years
Material: Oil on canvas . Dimensions: 73 x 104 cm . Museum: Collection Messeguer Maraya 1929 - 43 years	Girls of Claudia Material: Oil on canvas . Dimensions: 211 x 162 cm . Museum: Colección Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza. Madrid 1934 - 48 years
Material: Oil on canvas . Dimensions: 200 x 145 cm . Museum: Collection Central Hispano. Madrid Saturday, March 26, 2011 Las Fotos Calientes De Pati Nabida Theater scene 8 Although the sudden rains that are falling lately about our beloved city, we are complicating things a little to all who live in the capital, Caracas Guide cowering and we do not come to one of the most popular theaters in the cultural field Caracas: The Scene 8. We attended and a turn to the main room, there the appearance fooled us because although the site looks a bit small, has 222 seats, so there is plenty of room for spectators. The person who served us was pretty corduroy, and told us that this theater is about nine years with his new owner, including the last four have been the most successful. Whenever the public complains that in the movie theaters or too cold, but staff Scene 8 that's no problem because in the room there are two air conditioners, and light depending on the number of people are in the function: if there is little, only one, if there are many, the two, so there is no way to complain. Otherwise very good note of the place is rented by the hour room with all these theater groups that often do not have to rehearse their routines, and the prices are affordable. After leaving the room, we come to what is known as the terrace, it is a relatively new site where you can find a bar and even a small platform where they have already made events such as Stand Up Comedy and presentations emerging bands in the city. The space is wide, ideal for presentations unusual in also seeking greater interaction with the public. Finally, we will mail escena8@gmail.com to make him get the material in your group, music project or any recreational activity you want to do on the site. Do not cowering and set up your scene! Address: Guairita with Calle Calle La Horse. Las Mercedes. Caracas Friday, March 25, 2011 How To Beat Level 47 For Iphone Trasnocho One of the most appealing things about this place is its name, and like to know the origin of all, we asked one of the people in charge of the site where it came from the same. We learned that before the place was a theater presenting movies at midnight to sleep walkers and lovers of cinema. Later began operating as a theater, and space and it takes nine years, although it is now when you are having more popularity. In the main room, we had the opportunity to meet around 310 seats are almost always listed fully filled, the sound and lighting of the site is very good quality, as well as people who work there, as technical staff who quickly outfitted the room for our visit. Here there have been many important artists of national spectacle, including the singer and the band Yordano Gaelic revelation. Although we did not have the opportunity to enter the small room, they told us it was a kind of experimental space set specifically for the theater, while at large, we talked about earlier, there are the necessary features for any type of event. You pass the data that the most is being offered to the public teatrero lately are comedies, and not get left behind with laughter and its benefits, we invite you to visit this place that usually has more than three different options on sites with quality players also while waiting you can enjoy the elegant and cozy reception room offering the site located in the areas of Cultural Trasnocho Mall Paseo Las Mercedes. Thursday, March 24, 2011 Brother Mfc 7420 Papierstau 552 551 550 GUTIERREZ SOLANA The new universe	Zaragoza reopened, including familiar with controversy, the museum dedicated to the sculptor whole creative universe Pablo Serrano - Wikipedia, (Teruel, 1908-Madrid, 1985) was a constant search for empty space left in the transition to death, the vaults to provide shelter after the eventful journey through life. Polyhedral cubes, automatic writing and many texts in which the artist theorized about their objectives are the basis of the legacy given by the artist to Zaragoza, which moved as a child and in which from today is shown in the restored Museo Pablo Serrano-Aragon Institute of Contemporary Art, a building five floors and over 7,000 square meters of exhibition in which 28.5 million were invested in works that have lasted four years. The Government of Aragon minimize criticism of the daughter and the daughter of the artist Member of the El Paso and author of a work very close to that of Julio González and Pablo Gargallo, iron sculptures, his motives and automatic drawings are represented in major museums around the world (MoMA, Guggenheim, Gulbenkian, Hermitage ...). Now, first two floors of the building will show permanently his legacy, although the focus of the exhibition will be renewed periodically. The Aragonese sculptor Fernando Sinaga has been the curator of what is considered the core of the museum. On the basis of a hundred works, it recreates the key moments of their biography: the iron burned in their desperate search for what is after death, the works that dazzled at the 1962 Venice Biennale, sculpted to Don Quixote his first exhibition with the group El Paso irregular polyhedra representing the presence and absence of, among other things, the screening of a video that shows his work most spectacular public: the great vault of Aldeadávila, in the province of Salamanca, in 1963 on behalf of Iberdrola (18 meters wide and 20 high).

At a time when the agitation governs the life of a few small museums dedicated to a single author (Centro José Guerrero of Granada, Chillida-Leku of San Sebastian ...) Juan José Vázquez says that this will be a different center it will be dedicated to the study of the artist's work. "The timing of the museum-show is over. This is a public and free. We do not seek mass of visitors, but give a deeper insight into the work of Pablo Serrano. The time has come to be recognized in depth "

Pablo Serrano in Madrid studio in late 1959. -

ELPAIS.ES,

GARCIA ANGELES - Zaragoza - 23/03/2011

TO LEARN MORE:

Works:

1956 -

48 years

Iron & Stone Material: Wrought Iron . Size:
129.5 x 64 x 58 cm.
Museum: Reina Sofia Museum . Madrid


1965 - 57 years

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Angel City San Valero Machado Head Guitar No. 13

Material: Bronze . Size: Museum: Plaza del Pilar. Zaragoza 1965 - 57 years	Material: Bronze . Size: Museum: Plaza del Pilar. Zaragoza 1965 - 57 years
Material: Bronze . Dimensions: 63 x 45 cm . Museum: Centre Georges Pompidou . Paris 1970 - 62 years	Unit team Material: Bronze . Size: 400 x 240 x 200 cm. Museum: Campus UPV. Valencia 1985 - 77 years
Material: Bronze . Size: 21 x 17 x 21 cm. Museum:	Biography: Crivillén born English sculptor, Teruel. Studied in Zaragoza and Barcelona. In his early sculptures run academic subsequently evolved into expressionism. He studied the paintings of Joaquin Torres Garcia, in his long residence time in Uruguay. In 1954, he returned to Spain and won the Grand Prize for Sculpture at the II Bienal Hispano de Barcelona. Was a member of Paul Cezanne in 1949 and with Team 57 Juan Cuenca, Angel Duarte, Duarte and José Agustín Ibarrola. His work has been exhibited in many museums in Europe, U.S., Canada and Latin America. Level E Vocab Answers Review 4-6 This site is one of the best known in the city has a fairly central location and is easy to get. As we know you're going to approach after seeing the material we have prepared on the site here in Caracas Guide, we give the coordinates of a: Avenue between Calle Tamanaco Naiguatá Moher and Av. El Rosal. Recently this site has hosted the launch of music magazine Dose, which usually takes place on Sunday with the participation of several bands in Caracas and other parts of the country with talent and potential, attendance at these events has been quite high, demonstrating the quality of the site in terms of acoustic sound and comfort for visitors. When we arrived we found works there Youth Orchestra Foundation of Chacao, so we saw many children and teenagers practicing their instruments of classical music, were fajadísimos buddies and put into its own, many with great talent and great will to improve every day to grace their city. The situation was so striking that so few laborers working on some remodeling that they are doing to this cultural space they stopped for a moment just to see those responsible for producing those tunes so striking and interesting, no doubt that here is a cradle for new talent Caracas. Tuesday, March 22, 2011 Karate Belt Rack Construction Plans Spain in the coalition Foreign intervention should not de-legitimize the rebel forces Gaddafi fighting All parliamentary groups except the United Left and BNG, yesterday backed the government's decision to participate in the international coalition that, pursuant to resolution 1973 the Security Council intends to protect the population Libyan civil Gaddafi attacks. Although expected, the result of the vote shows that the Mediterranean policy is perceived by all political forces, and also by most citizens as a priority of English diplomacy. It would have been inexplicably left out of an operation in which the moral imperative to prevent the Libyan regime commit new atrocities coincide with UN authorization necessary. For reasons not easily understood, the Government decided to limit to one month requested authorization to the House, but noted that it is a renewable period.

The mission that has joined Spain faces, however, problems arising from the urgency with which it had to be implemented, just hours after the Security Council approve the resolution has been derived. Operational reasons advised that the United States initially took command, but the president Obama has expressed his desire to transfer it asap. France, which was the first country to intervene, aims to take over in an attempt to correct the mistakes of its recent policy in Tunisia. Italy, whose bases are essential for the development of the mission, rather, on the other hand, it is NATO who take the place of the United States, limiting the French role. But this alternative conflicts with the misgivings of some allies, including Turkey. The proposed formula to fit the puzzle is to establish a political leadership that their decisions run through the Alliance. United States welcomes this solution announced by French Foreign Minister, Alain Juppe, although need to know the reaction of other members of NATO. Along with the problems related to the control, also have expressed doubts about the objective of the mission. Despite the extent of the terms in which it is worded, the resolution 1973 does not cover the overthrow Gaddafi. Go beyond operations to protect the civilian population could overwhelm not only the legal framework established by the United Nations, moreover, would seriously undermine the political future of Libya. The rebels themselves fighting Gaddafi reiterated their opposition to international forces beyond the target set by the resolution, in the belief that its legitimacy must not be compromised if they finally manage to overthrow the dictatorship. The speed with which the coalition led by France, Britain and the United States executed the mission authorized by Resolution 1973 has made fall into oblivion other significant aspects of this text that inspired the international strategy against Libya. In particular, the need to block the financial assets available to Gaddafi, including Libyan sovereign fund to finance the military machine that has launched against their own countrymen. If your intention is to establish a war of attrition in which coalition members eventually be seen pressured by public opinion, the need for deprive Qaddafi of resources becomes more urgent.
United Nations has given rise to it, with the same emphasis that has established an arms embargo and authorized actions to protect civilians. The military component of the strategy of the coalition should not corner the role of diplomacy, which remains essential for a favorable outcome of the mission. ELPAIS.ES, 23/03/2011

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ABC

Two of the four F-18 fighter jets that Zapatero's government has sent to be part of this multinational force flew over the sky Monday in Libya on their first mission of combat air patrol. Along with the English fighter was also in this first reconnaissance aircraft in-flight refueling tanker, a Boeing 707, who returned later than the F-18 to its logistical base. [See the chart

weapons fullscreen

]

COSTS OF FOREIGN POLICY. English military presence in international missions

mission in Libya could cost the Government at least 25 million euros, as acknowledged by the Ministry of Defence yesterday, which stated that only the air deployment is budgeted at 10 million naval euros and five million a month (which could extend for three months). This expenditure is in addition to important cost that is taking the English military presence in international missions. A bill of around five billion. The last that Zapatero had to pay for the year 2010, was 776, 3 million, according to the accounts presented by the defense minister, Carme Chacon, the last appearance before the Defense Committee of Congress. This bill is consistent with the seven missions that have been made in 2010 (Afghanistan, Lebanon, Atalanta to fight piracy in Uganda EUTM-Somalia, Haiti and Bosnia-Herzegovina). This annual hearing is intended to take stock of foreign missions and the last took place on December 6, 2010.

The mission, which are currently underway, which is coming out more expensive to Zapatero is to Afghanistan

holding a contingent of 1,564 soldiers in the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan (ISAF). This mission in 2010 at a cost of 464 million since it began in 2001 has had a budget of 2,040 million. Besides the money that was allocated to the troops has also made a contribution of 220 million euros in the field of development aid since 2006.

The next mission in terms of its cost is participation in UNIFIL United Nations in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
, which in 2010 at a cost of 173 million. Since began in 2006, the bill has risen to 791 million. The number of soldiers involved in this mission is of 1,074, of which 22 are in the headquarters in Naqura and more than a thousand at the base of Marjayoun.

The third mission is the economic cost that develops in the Indian

against piracy,

called "Atalanta"

and under the umbrella of the EU. In 2010, the Government spent $ 82.3 million in the operation. A total of 370 soldiers involved in the operation, which is based on Djibouti, but the frigate 'Canary' and P3 Orion aircraft conducted maritime patrols in the area.

mission in Somalia in Uganda EUTM- for the Somali military training involved 38 Army and in 2010 cost 2.7 million.

Finally, there are two missions that ended in 2010 and not fall within the 2011 budget. Son of Haiti

, which cost 21, 3 million euros and was attended by 450 military and the

Bosnia Herzegovina,

ended in 2010 at a cost of 33 million. The total budget for the mission was of 1,900 million.

ABC.ES,

Cervilla PALOMA / MADRID

23/03/2011

Day

When Will The Body Style Change

Pablo Serrano 549 FOREIGN POLICY OF SPAIN Spanish architecture


Winds modern English architecture

A meticulously documented volume of buildings and public facilities between 1925 and 1965

face of speculative architecture in recent decades, so eager to find special effects, without going too far is an architecture based on rationality, on the precise use of the material and ethical quality: a role to play social. These values \u200b\u200bcame from the hand of the Modern Movement in Spain lasting from 1925 to 1965. Then abandoned in the eighties with the cult of postmodernism and now receives a certain return, perhaps by dint of the crisis. There are a few superb examples scattered throughout the English geography. Docomomo

Foundation, dedicated to documenting, caring and spreading this priceless heritage, has just published the first volume of equipment

public places and new programs,

1925-1965. Collect with considerable detail, with his record, plans, photographs and a brief description, 300 works arranged by regions of educational buildings, health, religious and administrative. The second volume will of trade, tourism, leisure, sports and transportation.

"It takes a look back to figure out what we are, because each style is a reflection of the concerns and tastes of a certain age," says Celestino Garcia Brana, president of Foundation. "For example, the Alhambra was a den of thieves quarry until the Romantics were set on it because connected with that interest they had for exotic cults."

modern buildings say goodbye to previous styles based on historical languages: romanticism, baroque and neoclassical ... burst with a functional language, technical and expressive of new materials, concrete, iron and glass. One example is the Center for Geological Research in Madrid, Miguel Fisac. "All the expressiveness of the building focuses on the use of concrete," Garcia Braña appreciated. The same architect was pulled down not many years ago, in 1999, The Pagoda, which compared the architects as "the burning of a" watched "." Today would have been shot down? "I believe not," said the president of the Foundation that acts as a "watchdog" of these buildings. "Heritage is to create it day by day and government and society have to be aware of it. "

religious spaces As religious spaces, the air renewal that came with Vatican II fit well with this new vision of architecture. In the midst of debate about the architecture of worship, the fifties, rampant construction of churches. One of the most original image and by the use of concrete and glass surfaces is the parish church of Our Lady of Guadalupe (1965), in Madrid, Felix Candela, who begins built in Spain after a long exile in Mexico. Also integrated into this movement, Our Lady of Aranzazu (1955), in Oñate, Guipuzcoa Sáenz de Oíza and Luis Laorga or Fuencisla Church (1965), in Madrid, José María García de Paredes. This new architecture also entered fully into the schools whose organization has changed radically. Light is vital, the classroom should be a uniformly illuminated area, but the sun's rays can not bother, they have to be indirect, so the north direction is essential.

The College of The Teresianas (1969), in Cordoba, Rafael de la Hoz, the Brazil House College (1962), Alfonso D `Escragnolle and Fernando Moreno, Madrid, or that of Our Lady of Santa Maria ( 1962), Fernández Alba, also in Madrid, with the classrooms repeated willing to seek the sun are two good examples of that function is not only a matter of style, but organized around the building. Along with functionality, the austerity of media was one of the highest values \u200b\u200bof modernism and according to Garcia regains Braña rationale: "I mean, more humility"

Brazil

House (now College Casa do Brasil), 1959-1962, Alfonso d'Escragnolle Madrid (project) and Fernando Moreno Barberá (address book) © Luis Argüelles

Faculty of Geology and Biology, 1965-1969, Oviedo. Ignacio Álvarez Castelao. © Luis Argüelles

Laorga, Jorge Oteiza and Eduardo Chillida (sculptural elements), Lucio Muñoz, Carlos Pascual de Lara, Nestor Javier Basterrechea and Eulate (paintings) © Jesús Martín Ruiz

College of the Teresians ( College currently Bética Mudarra), 1959-1969, Cordoba Rafael de La-Hoz Arderius © José Hevia

ELPAIS.COM, M ª JOSÉ DÍAZ

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